The Battle of Antietam Essay - 1916 Words

September 16-18, 1862, outside of the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland, between the Potomac River and Antietam Creek, was the location of the bloodiest battle in American history. Confederate Colonel Stephen D. Lee described it as â€Å"Artillery Hell† because of the frightful toll on his gunners and horses from Federal counter battery and infantry fire. (AotW, 2014) The battle of Antietam, or the Battle of Sharpsburg, would collect an estimated 23,100 total casualties (Luvaas and Nelson, 1987). The body count far exceeded any of the other three battles waged in the Maryland Campaign (Harpers Ferry, South Mountain, and Shepherdstown). This battle was a contributing factor in the outcome of our country and the rest of the world. The Union Army†¦show more content†¦Let us probe deeper into our countries darkest days. Civil War: Many notable Officers served during the Antietam battle that shaped the outcome of the Civil War. Major General George B. McClellan commanded the Federal Army comprised of 87,164 troops and 275 artillery cannons, while General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate Army with 41,000 troops and 194 guns. (Alexander, 2013). Along with notable Officers, there was notable Non-Commissioned Officers (NCO). One such NCO, who received a battlefield commission, was â€Å"Commissary Sergeant William McKinley (later President) of the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry who distinguished himself during the Battle of Antietam for getting needed rations to his men during the heat of battle.† (Elder, 2003) Before the conflict between the North and South over freeing the slaves, the two sides always had conflict over certain issues such as differences in cultures, differences in climate and differences in geography. Their differences really became a problem when talks about the gaining of Nebraska and Kansas as states and whether they should be slave or Free State. During the time before the Civil War, the slaves worked hard with no pay. The treatment of slaves was harsh and they never were treated as U.S. citizens. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln became president with the Republican Party, having anti-Slavery elections. TheShow MoreRelatedBattle of Antietam1281 Words   |  6 PagesMarx Bacungan Battle of Antietam Notes On September 17, 1862, Generals Robert E. Lee and George McClellan faced off near Antietam creek in Sharpsburg, Maryland, in the the first battle of the American Civil War to be fought on northern soil. [1] Though the result of the battle was inconclusive, it  remains the bloodiest single day in American history, with  more than 22,000 casualties. [1] General Robert E. Lee advanced into Maryland, believing that the potential strategic and politicalRead MoreThe Battle of Antietam Creek600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Battle of Antietam Creek The Battle of Antietam Creek was a very bloody and important battle in the Civil war. The battle was fought by two different armies within the Union and the Confederacy, The Army of the Potomac (Union) and The Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate). Antietam Creek is located just to the east of the Potomac River in Maryland. The battle was fought on a hill just above the west bank of Antietam Creek. The Army of the Potomac, who was on the offensive, was pushing towardsRead MoreThe Battle Of Antietam : The Bloodiest Battle1810 Words   |  8 PagesThe Battle of Antietam is the bloodiest battle in American history. On September 17, 1862, approximately 22,720 soldiers were either killed, wounded, or missing after the gruesome fight. This battle halted the Confederate general’s drive through Maryland and caused General Lee to withdraw into Virginia. Although contributed as a Union victory, since the Confederates withdrew south of the Potomac River, McClellan loss his chance at dismantling Lee’s Army. General McClellan’s usual hesitation allowedRead MoreEssay on Battle of Antietam1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe following case study will be about the Battle of Antietam that took place on September 17, 1862 in Sh arpsburg, Maryland along the Antietam Creek. Known as â€Å"†¦the bloodiest single day in American History,† by the end of the day there would be approximately twenty-three thousand casualties of which forty-five hundred to six thousand were dead. The first topic of discussion will be on the history leading up to the morning of the seventeenth in order to establish the mindset of the commanders onRead MoreThe Battle Of Antietam ( Sears )984 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The roar of the infantry was beyond anything conceivable to the uninitiated† wrote a Union officer during the battle of Antietam (Sears). The battle of Antietam was just one of the many battles of the American Civil War, and possibly the most significant. This battle was a pivotal point during the war, which gave the North the power to win the American Civil War. There are three main reasons why there was a civil war in the United States. One well known reason was slavery. The South wanted toRead MoreThe Battle of Antietam Essay2907 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract The Battle of Antietam took place on 17 September 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The battle was fought between General Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and General McClellan’s Army of the Potomac. Although the battle lasted only 12 hours, it was a significant point of the American Civil War, as well as the deadliest day in history. Tactically the battle was considered a draw, but the North claimed strategic victory and President Lincoln published the Emancipation Proclamation, freeingRead MoreEssay on The Battle of Antietam1234 Words   |  5 Pagesexpect the Confederates to take advantage of this and capture Maryland and maybe even Pennsylvania. He was instructed to hurry. Hurrying was not a trait that McClellan was known for. McClellan took his time and began to draw out on paper how this battle would be won. He then began moving troops around, combining armies from all regions. As McClellan was doing this President Lincoln became inpatient and ordered McClellan to move. Lee had outlined his whole strategy and told of the troubles the confederacyRead MoreThe Battle Of Antietam And The Civil War876 Words   |  4 Pagessentence perfectly represents the Battle of Antietam as a turning point in the Civil War and its effect on America decades later. The small step was one man s step on the moon just like the Battle of Antietam was just another battle during the Civil War, but they were short and impactful events that revolutionized their fields. America s advances in science and technology would not be the same without that one step on the moon. Similarly, without this one battle, America s modern beliefs on slaveryRead MoreA Brief Note On The Battle Of Antietam1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Antietam started the morning of September 17, 1862 at 0600. Union troops of the First and Twelfth Corps made their way across Antietam Creek the day before in efforts to attack the left flank. From 0600 to 1000, the Union troops were with Confederates un der Major General Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson. This engagement occurred in a 24-acre cornfield. These were the most deadly hours of the battle; over 8,000 casualties were killed at this time. As Union General Joseph Hooker later wroteRead MoreThe Civil War : The Battle Of Antietam969 Words   |  4 Pageswere many reasons why the battles were fought. During the Civil War, the president was Abraham Lincoln. There were many reasons why the war was fought, but the main reason was to keep the country together. Before the war, the North and South had some conflicts. During the Civil War, the slavery was one issue why the war was fought too. There were many battles that were fought between the North and the South. Most of the battles were fought in the South. Among the battles of the Civil War, there was

Similarities Between Descartes And Nietzsche s View On...

Is there truly a God or something superior to us? Yes of course. Conversely, atheists are people who don’t believe that God or a divine being exists. For the most part, atheists have acknowledged that the most reasonable conclusions are the ones that have the best evidential support. They have argued that the evidence in favor of God’s existence is too weak or the arguments in favor of concluding there is no God are more compelling. Two ancient philosophers, Descartes and Nietzsche’s have different views on God’s existence. There has been many thinkers in history who have lacked a belief in God. Some ancient Greek philosophers, such as Epicurus, obtained natural explanations for these superior miracles. Epicurus was the first to question the compatibility of God with suffering. In contrast, Descartes proves God s existence as an external reality and that ideas of perfection or infinity cannot come from oneself. He explains that â€Å"I am a finite being and thus cannot generate these ideas on my own. I have also never experienced perfection or infinity in the world, so they cannot come from experience, either†. God is a â€Å"perfect being†. Descartes indicates in the beginning of Meditation IV, â€Å"perfection† can know nothing of trickery, deceit because deception is a mark of maliciousness and imperfection. If God is a perfect being and perfection cannot know anything of lies or deceit then God cannot be deceptive. He claims that I have both a finite intellect from God, which isShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy C100 Quiz 121572 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophical question:    | Is there a God? |    | Does the end justify the means? |    | What form of government is best? |    | What is Time? |   X | All of the above. | 3.   An argument is a reason for accepting a position.    X | True |    | False | 4.    The area of philosophy concerned with values includes    | Ethics |    | Aesthetics |    | Social/political philosophy |   X | All of the above |    | None of the above | 5.    Trying to argue that God exists because it says so in theRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 PagesTraditional branches are cosmology and ontology. †¢ Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification. †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of how persons ought to act or if such questions are answerable. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.Read Moresecond sex Essay13771 Words   |  56 Pages an instance of otherness not consisting purely and simply in the opposition of two species of the same genus? I think that the feminine represents the contrary in its absolute sense, this contrariness being in no wise affected by any relation between it and its correlative and thus remaining absolutely other. Sex is not a specific difference ... no more is the sexual difference a mere contradiction. ... Nor does this difference lie in the duality of two complementary terms, for two complementaryRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Importance of English Free Essays

History of the English Language A short history of the origins and development of English The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of English or any similar topic only for you Order Now But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders – mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc – from which the words England and English are derived. Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century. Varieties of English From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words â€Å"froze† when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call â€Å"Americanisms† are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example  trash  for rubbish,  loan  as a verb instead of lend, and  fall  for autumn; another example,  frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English with words like  canyon,  ranch,  stampede  and  vigilante  being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English). Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA’s dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English. WHY IS ENGLISH SO IMPORTANT? Although a variety of languages are spoken all over the world, English is an important language to know. English is the language most international business is conducted in, it is used in more areas of the globe than any other and the only language spoken by more people is  Mandarin  (one of the languages in China). In many countries, the citizens have different tribal languages. Even though English is not a native language, the governments select English as an adopted national language. The government documents and laws written in English will be less subject to interpretation than if they had to be written separately in every tribal language. All school-related and workplace connections require a solid understanding of the English language. If you are studying English at school, college or university, remember that getting an ‘A’ grade in English is almost worthless, in terms of communication, if you cannot speak the language. Spoken English is used in the best careers, the best universities, and is increasingly being used at job interviews. REASONS TO LEARN ENGLISH 1) English is the most spoken language around the world. 1 out of 5 persons understands it! 2) Many of the most famous movies or songs are written in English! You’ll be able to understand them! 3) If you learn English, you’ll be able to visit most websites! 4) Speaking English is a tremendous asset for your professional career! 5) English is not hard to learn, compared to many other foreign languages! 6) Nowadays, we are surrounded by English (in non English speaking countries of course†¦). Understanding this language becomes more and more important! ) If you are a student, or just eager to learn, to understand English is almost mandatory since many publications are in English! 8) You will be able to visit the 45 countries where English is the official language! 9) But you will also be able to travel around the entire world! Even if you’re not going to an English speaking country, it is very likely that locals will understand you if you speak in English! 10) For the pleasure! Learning a language, especially English, is rewarding when you see you’re improving! Communicate with your friends in English! Dare To learn and Speak! ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE How to cite Importance of English, Papers

Wireless Networking And Communicationâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Wireless Networking And Communication? Answer: Introducation Horn Antennas: A microwave horn or horn antenna is that kind of antenna which is consist of flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn for the radio waves to be directed in a beam. These antennas are used at microwave frequency and UHF which are more than 300MHz (Esquius-Moroteet al., 2013). There are several types of horn antennas the corrugated horn antenna, conical horn and pyramid antennas. The transition between free space and wave guides are affected on the enabling of this antenna. Following are the strength and weakness of the Horn antennas: Strength Weakness Good impedance match Flare angled and length of the flare must not be very small Small minor lobes are formed Decides the directivity Greater directivity Designing of the flare angle Narrow beam width Avoids the standing waves Helical Antennas: Helical antenna consists of wire that can conduct in the form of a helix. Helical antennas are mostly grounded over a plane ground. Thus, feed line gets connected between the ground and the bottom of the helix. The frequency by which the helical antenna operates is from 30MHz to 3GHz (Ju Zhang, 2014). Following are the strength and weakness of the Helical antenna: Strength Weakness Wider bandwidth Efficiency decreases with the number of turns Provide polarized waves circularly The antenna size is large so it requires more space Have simple design Also can be used at HF and VHF bands Highest directivity Yagi Antennas: Yagi antennas are also known as the Yagi-Uda antenna, which is has been constructed in such a way that is simple but also has higher gain that is greater than 10dB (Esquius-Moroteet al., 2013). This antenna can be operated in HF to UHF bands that are from 3MHz to 3GHz, therefore has smaller bandwidth. Basically used in the roof tops. Following are the strength and weakness of the Yagi antenna: Strength Weakness High directives is achieved Prone to noise High gain is achieved Experiences degradation of the electrical characteristics Less amount of power is needed Frequency range and bandwidth is limited Easy of handling and maintenance Prone to atmospheric effects Broader coverage of frequency Cellular Antenna: Cellular antennas are also called the cell antennas. These are basically used to make conjunction with the help of several power boosters like inline amplifier and some of them are directly connected with the cell phone adapter cables (Honget al., 2014). Following are the strength and weakness of the Cellular antenna: Strength Weakness Wireless service Effects the environment Can be used remotely Data and signals might get lost some times Parabolic Reflector Antenna: This is mainly made of metal and screen mesh and is used for the conjunction with horn antennas. EM-waves falls on the wide dish and the gets radiated in the air during the transmission. Following are the strength and weakness of the Parabolic antenna: Strength Weakness Wider bandwidth Requires drive element and reflectors High gain Additional cost may be needed High directivity Not as small as other antennas thus used in specific purpose Future Prospective: As per the requirement of the question, Helical antenna would play the most dominant player in the future perspective: The Beam mode or Axial operation: The field of radiation is at the end in this mode of radiation, the end-fire is directed along the helical axis. The wave is either circular or may be circularly polarized. The direction along the beam axis at oblique angles produces minor lobes and hence the radiation is broader than the other antennas (Abbasiet al.,2016). Perpendicular or Normal mode of radiation: The radiated waves are circularly polarized and the radiation field of the helix is normal and the radiated waves are polarized circularly. This is to obtain if the dimension of the helix is small when compared to wavelength Advanced wireless technologies: Voice Over IP Network (VoIP) uses the Internet Protocol that helps in transmitting the voice over an IP network. This transmission is done through packets, providing the required service to the clients (Ju Zhang, 2014). This technology is used in several browsers. The main advantages of using this VoIP are this is cost effective, facilitates multi-vendor interoperability, data networks and integrated IP voices. There are several protocols in VoIP like: SIP, MGCP, Megaco, H.248 and H.323. VoIP applications are broadly used over the internet browsers, used in voice processing, has to be flexible and thus allow a mixture of private and public service that helps in adapting the local regulations (Loo, Mauri Ortiz, 2016). The security concerns of VoIP are much similar to the internet connected devices this tends to the hackers knowing the connections vulnerability may plant DoS attack, comprise the voice mails, record all the conversation and data breach the data of the customers. It is a challenging task to route the VoIP traffic through network address translators or firewalls. References Abbasi, Q. H., Rehman, M. U., Qaraqe, K., Alomainy, A. (2016). Advances in body-centric wireless communication: Applications and state-of-the-art. Institution of Engineering and Technology. Esquius-Morote, M., Fuchs, B., Zrcher, J. F., Mosig, J. R. (2013). Novel thin and compact H-plane SIW horn antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 61(6), 2911-2920. Hong, W., Baek, K. H., Lee, Y., Kim, Y., Ko, S. T. (2014). Study and prototyping of practically large-scale mmWave antenna systems for 5G cellular devices. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(9), 63-69. Jehangir, S. S., Hassan, A., Sharawi, M. S. (2016, June). A 4-element dual wideband circular Yagi MIMO antenna system with loop excitation. In Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), 2016 IEEE International Symposium on (pp. 69-70). IEEE. Ju, H., Zhang, R. (2014). Throughput maximization in wireless powered communication networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 13(1), 418-428. Karnaushenko, D. D., Karnaushenko, D., Makarov, D., Schmidt, O. G. (2015). Compact helical antenna for smart implant applications. NPG Asia Materials, 7(6), e188. Loo, J., Mauri, J. L., Ortiz, J. H. (Eds.). (2016). Mobile ad hoc networks: current status and future trends. CRC Press. Wang, C. X., Haider, F., Gao, X., You, X. H., Yang, Y., Yuan, D., ... Hepsaydir, E. (2014). Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless communication networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 122-130.

Girl Groups and the History of Rock and Roll free essay sample

The conventional wisdom is that rock and roll died between 1 959 and 1 964 roughly the period between Buddy Hollys plane crash in Clear Lake, Iowa and the Beetles more upbeat arrival at JEFF airport. In this scenario, The Day The Music Died is only the beginning, as Elvis enters the Army, Chuck Berry goes to jail, Jerry Lee Lewis is ruined, and Little Richard leaves the stage for the church. By the late sass, a number of female vocal groups began to produce songs. The groups were 2-3 women one sang a lead part while the others sang a background vocal. This was the birth of girl groups. This sound was the trend for the early 1 adds. Girl groups remained on the Billboard pop charts in 1 962 to 1965 but, by 1965 the popularity of this sound started to fade. Although girl groups were Only successful for a short time, their sound influenced many other types of music, and it continues to have an impact on performers today. We will write a custom essay sample on Girl Groups and the History of Rock and Roll or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The girl groups were an important part of the early days of rock and roll as well as the history of women in American popular music. The popularity of the girl groups marked a point in history for women in rock and roll.For the first time it established a specific style of performing that listeners associated only with women. The girl group sound was the result of a producers, songwriters, instrumentalists, and manager, in addition to the women who sang the songs. The producer, were significant in determining a particular groups success or failure. The girls groups had little to no control over what was produced. Some rock historians would argue because of their lack of control over there own music, the girl groups were all very similar and would not have succeeded without the guidance of others to distinguish them from everyone else.The performers who made up the girl groups were generally very young most were in their teens and early weenies, which put them at a great disadvantage in terms of artistic control. Female artists were for the most part not taken seriously by those who ran the music industry, and girl groups were usually used for hit songs rather than creative or talented individuals. Nobody in the business really took female performer too seriously back then. The system just wasnt open to women. Many of the groups careers only lasted until they were not longer able to hit the Billboard Top Forty and when that didnt happen the group just faded away, to be replace by the next latest and greatest group. For this season, few groups were able to stay on top for more than two or three years. A large portion of the media at the time ignored them. Some of the teen magazines and television variety shows that helped the male performers all but ignored the girl groups, limiting the amount of exposure they received.Most of the best known girl groups were black.. Some of the white groups and singers like the Shanghai-lass and Leslie Gore, had their photos plastered every. here. Fewer of the black groups and singers enjoyed the same privilege. Racism was prevalent within the music industry and it ensured that hose groups would have very limited shelf life. Because media coverage of the groups was scarce, the girl groups had to rely solely on their songs to maintain their popularity.Once the publics interest diminished, the producer would abandon the group and move on to another project, this abandonment usually signaled the end of the groups career. There was no visible difference between one group and another in fact, most did not know any of the individual names of the performers, as they were all just a package for the public to view. Girl group artists were generally identified y their group name alone, and the individual members of any group often changed from one record to the next.Producers often used unnamed session or backup vocalists to sing under the name of a successful group, and some groups recorded under more than one name. When the girl group era more came to an end in the mid ass, most of the artists faded into obscurity. Although, a number of groups continued to perform, singing in oldies revival shows, their whereabouts are largely unknown. While there popularity was temporary at best and they did not get the recognition they deserved, the effect they had on music is unmistakable.

Medieval Christmas Traditions

Medieval Christmas Traditions Among the Pagan traditions that have become part of Christmas is burning the yule log. This custom springs from many different cultures, but in all of them, its significance seems to lie in the iul or wheel of the year. The Druids would bless a log and keep it burning for 12 days during the winter solstice; part of the log was kept for the following year when it would be used to light the new yule log. For the Vikings, the yule log was an integral part of their celebration of the solstice, the julfest; on the log, they would carve runes representing unwanted traits (such as ill fortune or poor honor) that they wanted the gods to take from them. Wassail comes from the Old English words waes hael, which means be well, be hale, or good health. A strong, hot drink (usually a mixture of ale, honey, and spices) would be put in a large bowl, and the host would lift it and greet his companions with waes hael, to which they would reply drinc hael, which meant drink and be well. Over the centuries some non-alcoholic versions of wassail evolved. Other customs developed as part of Christian belief. For example, Mince Pies (so called because they contained shredded or minced meat) were baked in oblong casings to represent Jesus crib, and it was important to add three spices (cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg) for the three gifts given to the Christ child by the Magi. The pies were not very large, and it was thought lucky to eat one mince pie on each of the twelve days of Christmas (ending with Epiphany, the 6th of January). Food Traditions The ever-present threat of hunger was triumphantly overcome with a feast, and in addition to the significant fare mentioned above, all manner of food would be served at Christmas. The most popular main course was goose, but many other meats were also served. Turkey was first brought to Europe from the Americas around 1520 (its earliest known consumption in England is 1541), and because it was inexpensive and quick to fatten, it rose in popularity as a Christmas feast food. Humble (or umble) pie was made from the humbles of a deer the heart, liver, brains and so forth. While the lords and ladies ate the choice cuts, the servants baked the humbles into a pie (which of course made them go further as a source of food). This appears to be the origin of the phrase, to eat humble pie. By the seventeenth century, Humble Pie had become a trademark Christmas food, as evidenced when it was outlawed along with other Christmas traditions by Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan government. The Christmas pudding of Victorian and modern times evolved from the medieval dish of frumenty a spicy, wheat-based dessert. Many other desserts were made as welcome treats for children and adults alike. Christmas Trees and Plants The tree was an important symbol to every Pagan culture. The oak, in particular, was venerated by the Druids. Evergreens, which in ancient Rome were thought to have special powers and were used for decoration, symbolized the promised return of life in the spring and came to symbolize eternal life for Christians. The Vikings hung fir and ash trees with war trophies for good luck. In the middle ages, the Church would decorate trees with apples on Christmas Eve, which they called Adam and Eve Day. However, the trees remained outdoors. In sixteenth-century Germany, it was the custom for a fir tree decorated with paper flowers to be carried through the streets on Christmas Eve to the town square, where, after a great feast and celebration that included dancing around the tree, it would be ceremonially burned. Holly, ivy, and mistletoe were all important plants to the Druids. It was believed that good spirits lived in the branches of holly. Christians believed that the berries had been white before they were turned red by Christs blood when he was made to wear the crown of thorns. Ivy was associated with the Roman god Bacchus and was not allowed by the Church as decoration until later in the middle ages when a superstition that it could help recognize witches and protect against plague arose. Entertainment Traditions Christmas may owe its popularity in medieval times to liturgical dramas and mysteries presented in the church. The most popular subject for such dramas and tropes was the Holy Family, particularly the Nativity. As interest in the Nativity grew, so did Christmas as a holiday. Carols, though very popular in the later middle ages, were at first frowned on by the Church. But, as with most popular entertainment, they eventually evolved to a suitable format, and the Church relented. The Twelve Days of Christmas may have been a game set to music. One person would sing a stanza, and another would add his own lines to the song, repeating the first persons verse. Another version states it was a Catholic catechism memory song that helped oppressed Catholics in England during the Reformation remember facts about God and Jesus at a time when practicing their faith could get them killed. (If you would like to read more about this theory, please be warned that it contains graphic descriptions of the violent nature in which Catholics were executed by the Protestant government and has been refuted as an Urban Legend.) Pantomimes and mumming were another form of popular Christmas entertainment, particularly in England. These casual plays without words usually involved dressing up as a member of the opposite gender and acting out comic stories. Note:Â  This feature originally appeared in December 1997, and was updated in December 2007 and again in December 2015.

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Discussion - Assignment Example He also introduced the idea of equality by showing the value of each person irrespective of his rank (Zola, 2003). The two artists use the same technique to communicate to the public and present their ideas. Manet used a large canvas, which was past the standard canvases sold during his time. Tucker (1998) indicates that the painting was done on a large canvas, of almost a similar size to those used by historians to document noble events. It was done on a 208 X 264 cm canvas. He may have been passing on information to the public about his might as a painter, or may have been showing the authorities that they are all the same irrespective of status. He painted a stark naked model in a canvas of the same size as those used by the authorities; this could have been a way of telling the authorities that even the stark naked deserve to be in such canvases. During his time, stark naked pictures were not respected and were considered inappropriate. Manet may have been saying that, whatever people think is inappropriate, could be appropriate in some other way; they were all the same. A similar technique is used by Courbet in his Burial at Ornans. In this painting, there is a group of people; the mayor, the priest, and different other people, prominent and not, with their respective outfits. They are depicted with their own personal worries. Within the picture, at the edge of the grave, there is a gravedigger sitting on his knees. He sits on his knees, but is the only one with the head held high. Buchon (1977) notes that, â€Å"he alone commands† (p. 3). This picture shows that even if one is a gravedigger, there is an area where he will outwit the rest. It also shows that even if one is a priest, king, or highly ranked official, when it comes to the time of burial, they will all look up to the gravedigger. The gravedigger, therefore, has a

Response to 4 students postings with 60 words and 2 references for Coursework - 4

Response to 4 students postings with 60 words and 2 references for each response - Coursework Example challenges that come with diversity when implementing organizational change, no light was shed on the fact that diversity could also be a healthy development in some instances (Kalev, 2006). The impression that such writing creates is that all managers should eliminate all forms of diversity because it will be difficult to deal with them. But there are clearly scenarios when diversities come with numerous advantages to managers who want to implement change (Mind, 2012). This could indeed be described as a more detailed and elaborative discussion on the subject of diversity and organizational change. This is because the writer did not only throw light on the advantages and disadvantages of diversity (Devos and Banaji, 2005) but went ahead to critically outlines some of specific examples of organizational change in the midst of diversity. Then also, series of solutions that best problems were outlined (Jehn, 1999). This way, all managers can draw various implications from the text and use it in controlling the diversity that exists in their own work outfits. It is a strong point for the writer that he elaborates on some of the conditions that bring about diversity at the workplace (Stevens, Plaut and Sanchez-Burks, 2008). In doing this, the writer takes a step further to look at specific instances of organizational change that took place in the midst of diversity. Some challenges that were posed and how they were solved were also outlined (Hickman, 2010). The writer could have however given some generalized implications to the management of diversity other than what prevailed in this present work

The valid contract Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The valid contract - Case Study Example However, a point to be noticed in this context is that to be legally binding, the promise made by the party and its acceptance must be aimed at forming a legal relationship. Anything made out of natural relationship (or domestic arrangements) are assumed not to create any legally binding obligations. Nevertheless, the case -Parker Vs Clark [1960] NLR 286- demonstrates that although domestic arrangements are assumed not to create legally-binding obligations, in some cases this assumption may be overruled by the facts . obligations. Moreover, Irene made the offer without having any intention to avail consideration from Gina. The offer is made just out of natural relationship. Therefore, it is not possible for Gina to approach the court for justice and get the promised money from Irene. Though, Gina has made some promises after the promise by Irene, this does not amount to a promise, which is legally enforceable. In this context, the case Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 is worth notable as "it demonstrates the strong presumption that domestic agreements, even if framed in contractual terms, are not intended to create legal obligations" (Law Glossary, 2006). Usually, when an order is made by one party to another for the supply of certain goods for a consideration, it becomes a contract. Both parties are legally binding to the terms of the contract are obliged to perform their part. If any of them makes a default, the aggrieved party can claim compensation from the defaulted party as the transaction is legally enforceable. When one is making an offer to another on the strength of the offer made by a third party, and if the third party makes a default and it subsequently results in the non performance of the offer, the third party is no way affected by the default of the promissor. In the given case, though Irene has made a promise to pay Gina a sum of 15000 and subsequently defaulted to pay the sum, the offer (s) business or personal made by Gina will in no way affect Irene as the first offer itself is not a legally binding one. Therefore, it is not legally obligatory for Irene to pay the remaining amount to Kolumbie, the aromatherapy oil supplier. Is Gina liable to Jaymark Fitness for the 4,000 balance on her debt When an offer is made out of the strength of the offer of another and the subsequent default of the original offer, the second offer cannot be performed and will result in breach of contract. But, it is to be noticed that whether the original offer is legally binding or not. In the given case, the original offer is a domestic arrangement and it is out of the natural relationship between Irene and Gina. However, when Gina has placed an order for 10,000 worth goods and after the default by Irene, Gina could not keep the promise that the payment shall be paid later. Gina informed Jaymark that she could not pay the 10,000 owed but could manage 6,000 and that if Jaymark tried to sue her for more, she would declare herself bankrupt and Jaymark would get nothing at all. Jaymark reluctantly agreed to accept the 6,000 in full and final satisfaction of the debt. Therefore, Gina is not

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Curcumin

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Curcumin Development and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Bioavailability Enhancement of Curcumin CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEWED ON DRUG Chirio, et.al (2011) formulated Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles of fatty acids (FA) via coacervation technique based on FA precipitation from their sodium salt micelles in the presence of polymeric non-ionic surfactants and found higher entrapment efficiency and lowest possible cytotoxicity. Prashar, et.al (2011) studied the various biological effects and other aspects of the Curcumin, herbal remedy and dietary spice. According to them Curcumin is a lipophilic molecule and rapidly permeate cell membranes and act by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, induction of analysis, inhibition of transformation of normal cells to tumor cells and inhibition of invasion of metastasis. A number of animal studies have shown that Curcumin has a dose-dependent chemopreventive effect in colon, duodenal, stomach, esophageal and oral carcinogenesis. Curcumin possess various other activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-coagulant, anti-fibrotic, anti-mutagenic, anti-fertility, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-protozoan, anti-viral etc and concluded that Curcumin is an effective bioactive agent. The low water solubility and poor bioavailability of Curcumin can be overcome by various structural modifications. Stability aspect shows better effect and less toxicity offering bet ter pharmacodynamic characteristics. Choudhary, et.al (2012) studied the various potential therapeutic effects of Curcumin and reported that the research towards nanoparticles encapsulated Curcumin should be strengthened to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in treatment of various disorders. Wang, et.al (2012) formulated Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles via solvent injection method using stearic acid and lecithin as lipid, tween 80 as surfactant and chloroform as cosolvent. The prepared SLNs were evaluated for various parameters like entrapment efficiency, drug loading, zeta potential, particle size, x-ray diffraction, in-vitro(via dialysis bag method) and in-vivo(in Balb/c mice) drug release and it was found that average size of C-SLNs was found to be 190 nm with zeta potential value of -20.7 mV and 75% drug entrapment efficiency. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the amorphous nature of the encapsulated Curcumin. The release profile of C-SLLNs was an initial burst followed by sustained release and the Curcumin concentration in plasma suspension were significantly higher than those obtained with Curcumin alone, following C-SLNs, all the tissue concentrations of Curcumin increased, especially in lung and liver and it was found that in animal model of asthma, C -SLNs effectively suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory cell infiltration and also significantly inhibited the expression of T-helper-2-type cytokines, such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to the asthma group and Curcumin-treated group. These observations implied that C-SLNs could be a promising candidate for asthma therapy. Zheng, et.al (2013) formulated solid lipid nanoparticles to encapsulate Curcumin, by blending liquid lipids (Sefsol-218Â ®) with various solid lipids (Dynasan 114Â ®, Dynasan 118Â ®, Compritol ATO 888, Precirol 5ATO, Glyceryl monostearate, stearic acid and Hexadecanoid acid, Pluronic F68) via high pressure homogenization technique and found that the particle size decreased during the high shear process, and high pressure homogenization ensured the homogeneity of the nanoparticles. They also found that the Poloxamer 188 played a large role in the small and stable lipid nanoparticle system and contributed to the improved incorporation efficiency of Curcumin and concluded that suitable amount of liquid lipid when blended reduced the particle size of solid lipid nanoparticles and stabilized the system with improved dispensability and chemical stability in aqueous systems and exhibited sustained release and prolonged cell growth inhibition and cellular uptake in cancer cells as compare d to unformulated free Curcumin and the relative bioavailability significantly increase after intravenous administration in rats. Kakkar, et.al (2013) prepared and evaluated Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in the experimental paradigm of cerebral ischemia (BCCAO model) in rats and found that there was an improvement of 90% in cognition and 52% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase versus cerebral ischemic group. Neurological scoring improved by 79%. Hence, study indicates protective role of Curcumin against cerebral ischemic insult; provided it is packaged suitably for improved brain delivery. Sun, et.al (2013) prepared Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (C-SLNs) by high-pressure homogenization by blending liquid lipid Sefsol-218Â ® with the solid lipids and found that the high shear process, and high pressure homogenization ensured the homogeneity of the nanoparticles thereby improving the dispersibility and chemical stability of Curcumin, prolonging its antitumor activity and cellular uptake and enhancing its bioavailability. The morphology, sbability and release of Curcumin in the optimized formulation were investigated. The anti-cancer activity of the formulation was evaluated in MCF-7 cells. Fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to quantify cellular uptake of the drug. Blending sefsol-218Â ® into a lipid matrix reduced the particle size without improving drug loading, mean size was found to be 152.8Â ±4.7 nm and a 90% entrapment efficiency. Curcumin displayed a two-phase sustained release profile from C-SLNs with improved chemical stability, compared to th e soubilized solution, C-SLNSs exhibited prolonged inhibitory activity in cancer cells, as well as time-dependent increases in intra-cellular uptake. After inravenous administration to rats, the bioavailability of Curcumin was increased by 1.25 fold and it was concluded that C-SLNs with improved dispersibility and chemical stability in an aqueous system have been successfully developed. C-SLNs may represent a potentially useful cancer therapeutic Curcumin delivery system. Chen, et.al (2014) fabricated Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles via emulsion-evaporated technique and low temperature-solidification technique using monostearin as lipid, tween 80 as surfactant and methanol as cosolvent. C-SLNs were formed by lipid recrystallisation and the blank SLNs were prepared by the same procedure without adding Curcumin. Prepared C-SLNs were evaluated for various parameters like particle size, zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction, and in-vitro release and it was found that the particle size is 99.99 nm, polydispersity index of 0.158, zeta potential of -19.9 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 97.86 % and drug loading capacity of 4.35 %. The release kinetics in-vitro demonstrated Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles can control drug-release and it was concluded that the Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles could be prepared successfully with high drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacity and hence may be a pr omising drug delivery system to control drug release and improve bioavailability.

A Compareison Between When The Legends Die And Dances With Wolves :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Symbolism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel When the Legends Die and in the film Dances with Wolves symbolism is very important. Throughout both of them the used symbols are very similar but have very different meanings. In the movie, Dances with Wolves the wolf, Two Socks, and the horse, Cisco, are animal symbols, like the bear in When the Legends Die.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two Socks and Cisco are the main two symbols in Dances with Wolves. Two Socks, is the wolf that befriends John Dunbar symbolizing the Sioux Indians who start trying to also befriend John. Then, when he takes the meat from John’s hand the wolf continues to symbolize the tribe, that will now accept John to come and be one of them. After, when Two Socks is shot by soldiers it symbolizes the fate of the Indians, later to come. Cisco, John Dunbar’s favorite horse is a symbol of John’s faithfulness to the Sioux Indian tribe, although they have tried to take the horse away many times he has always found a way to return to his master. Later in the story, when John is being shot at by the army the horse finds a way to make those shots hit him instead of John and separates from John in death, symbolizes that John will have to leave the Indians, to protect them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In When the Legends Die the Bear cub who grows up with bears brother is a symbol, of hope, love, meaning, direction, and most importantly the heritage of Tom Black Bull. The bear symbolizes the Tom’s heritage because he came around just as Tom, started learning the old ways, his heritage, and he was separated from Tom when he, Tom, went to the new ways of life. In the new ways of life Tom’s difficulty is that he cannot find a place to run from his past. Then, he realizes that bear symbolizes his past, so Tom sets out to kill it. As Tom reaches the bear he pulls out the rifle and prepares to shoot the bear, but than he realizes that the bear not only symbolizes his past but all the good in his life because that is where he had the life in the old ways and was the happiest time in his life.

Gun politics Essay

â€Å"This family was a victim of a problem they could have avoided-a problem that, according to Florida park rangers, hundreds of visitors suffer each year.† Several times a month,† ranger Rod Torres of O’Leno State Park said, â€Å"people get scared and leave the park in the middle of the night.† Those people picked the wrong kind of park to visit. Not that there was anything wrong with the park: The hikers camped next to them loved the wild isolation of it. But it just wasn’t the kind of place the couple from New Jersey had in mind when they decided to camp out on this trip through Florida.† Here is an example of a student model answer of an Expository Essay from The Write Source:†Did you know that 7 out of 10 students have cheated at least once in the past year? Did you know that 50 percent of those students have cheated more than twice? These shocking statistics are from a survey of 9,000 U.S. high school students.Incredibly, teacher s may even be encouraging their students to cheat! Last year at a school in Detroit, teachers allegedly provided their students with answers to statewide standard tests.†Here is an another example of an expository essay. This example comes from Essay Start:†Throughout history and through a cross-section of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty ideal. Ancient Chinese aristocrats bound their feet as a show of femininity; American and European women in the 1800s cinched in their waists so tightly, some suffered internal damage; in some African cultures women continue to wear plates in their lower lips, continually stretching the skin to receive plates of larger size. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focussed on women’s bodies: the tiny waist of the Victorian period, the boyish figure in vogue during the flapper era, and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s. Current standards emphasize a toned, slender look, one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psychologist Eva Szekely, â€Å"Having to be attractive at this time . . . means unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceived by others and oneself as healthy† (19). However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not just an example of women trying to look their best, it is also a struggle for control, acceptance and success.† Finally, here are excerpts from argumentative essays: â€Å"Gun control has been a controversial issue for years. A vast majority of citizens believe that if gun control is strictly enforced it would quickly reduce the threat of crime. Many innocent people feel they have the right to bear arms for protection, or even for the pleasure of hunting. These people are penalized for protecting their lives, or even for enjoying a common, innocent sport. To enforce gun control throughout the nation means violating a persons Constitutional rights. Although some people feel that the issue of gun control will limit crime, the issue should not exist due to the fact that guns are necessary for self defense against crime, and by enforcing gun control is violating a citizen’s second amendment right to bear arms.† Another examples of an argumentative essay comes from Bogazici University:†Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house. A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health, which should at leastcome as good news to people who cannot afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to the medicine industry, and an evenbigger blow to our confidence in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips: we can be healthy by doing Reikion on a regular basis.† On Essay By Example, on the other hand, the sample argumentative essay addresses online games and socialization: â€Å"Online games aren’t just a diversion, but a unique way to meet other people. As millions of gamers demonstrate, playing online is about friendship and cooperation, not just killing monsters. These games are a viable social network because players focus on teamwork, form groups with like-minded people and have romantic relationships with other players. â€Å"Massively-Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) feature millions of players interacting in the same environment. The games are social in nature as they allow players to band together and complete missions based on a story line, or test their skills by fighting against each other. At the start of the game, the user creates a fictional character, and customizes its physical appearance. Since many games involve combat, players also outfit their characters with armor and weapons, as well as choose their â€Å"profession.† Many popular game titles like World of Warcraft and Everquest follow a fantasy theme, so most professions have magical abilities like healing other players or raising undead minions. While the process seems simple, players may spend hours agonizing over the perfect look for their character, from their armor color to the type of  skills to use in battle. Once their character is created, the player is free to explore the vast, digital world and interact with other players; however they must pay on average $15 a month for game content. MMOG users are mostly male – usually between the ages of 18-34 – although titles like World of Warcraft have a healthy population of female players as well. With millions of players, there are plenty of people to adventure with.† The key to learning to write a good essay is to read and study other essays and then practice, practice, rewrite and practice some more

Journal 2 Essays - Blogs, BuzzFeed, Mass Media, Free Essays

Journal 2 Essays - Blogs, BuzzFeed, Mass Media, Free Essays Journal 2 October 20, 2016 Buzzfeed is my daily bread. This fashion-meets-politics-meets-sports meets-life tips blog provides for all my reading needs, whether merely for amusement or for knowledge. Without it I'd be hopelessly lost. The scope of this blog is extremely broad, as its content covers a myriad of topics that persons of any age, race or sex can relate to. Moreover, the issues Buzzfeed chooses to tackle are current controversial and I almost always find their vantage point to be relevant and refreshing. It is for this reason that Buzzfeed articles are my essays of choice. As a person extremely concerned with racial matters and prejudice facing the minorities and the marginalized, I can turn to Buzzfeed for articles on the latest horrid incident of police brutality or failure of the United States' judicial system. However, as a young woman, when I'm in need of style or hair tips, Buzzfeed has me covered. The versatility of this blog is a selling point for me as my every need is catered to by riveting, content heavy articles which are both factual and well thought out . Buzzfeed also helps to keep me in the know with their constantly updated articles and their focus on being contemporary which adds to its appeal. The delivery of this blog is also why I relish it. The most apt way to describe it is hip. I enjoy the medium length articles on their website which manage to keep me engaged to the finish. The use of memes and gifs, which are the new wave of amusement on the internet, also helps Buzzfeed articles to stay edgy and interesting when delivering their message to the readers. The tone of the blog is also very personal; I never feel like I'm reading a boring article or scientific paper. Reading a Buzzfeed article is similar to being engaged in discussion with someone just behind my laptop screen. All in all, Buzzfeed's range and delivery are the two main reasons why I enjoy this blog so much. Staying on-trend and current is no small feat but this blog manages to do all that and more.

Evolution of Rap Music essays

Evolution of Rap Music essays All one has to do is simply observe their surroundings to realize the huge impact of rap music on todays society. The way people dress, talk, and act have all been influenced by the cultural phenomenon known as rap music. Almost every aspect of American culture has been or is being influenced in one way or another by rap music. Lets use driving as an example. While at a stop light roll down the car window and odds are rap music is being played by at least one, if not all, of the surrounding cars. Music television stations, such as MTV, BET, and even The Music Box, seem to stick mainly with playing rap videos. I think it is safe to say that rap is the preferred choice of music for most of Americas youth. Over the past twenty years, it has become an important fixture in American society. Its funny to think that at one time rap music was thought to be nothing more than a fad that would go away as times changed. Rap music has had its ups and downs, but, through it all, has bloss omed into a multi-billion dollar industry with a massive following. To those who arent familiar with rap music, Dictionary.com defines it as, A form of vocal music in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment. While this is an ok definition, rap music is so much more than just rhyming lyrics with musical accompaniment. Cheryl Keyes, a rap historian and the author of Music in American Life, defines rap music as, Rhythms and melodies that give a forum that addresses the political and economic disfranchisement of black youths and other groups, fosters ethnic pride, and displays culture values and aesthetics. Modern day rap music emerged in the early 1970s from the gang and crime infested neighborhoods of the South Bronx in New York City. However, rap musics roots can be traced back hundreds of years to Western Africa. As a matter of fact, Asian, European, Latin American...

Student communication in online classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student communication in online classes - Essay Example The impact of students’ teamwork and mixing upon their propensity to thrive as well as the displeasure of habitual learners towards the missing students was also studied. Factors like reduced connectivity and costliness of the internet service were found to cause students to make optimum use of the online service which is not possible for the missing or irregular users to achieve. Faith among the donors results from the quality and not the number of their donations. Finally, the authors recommend ways to escape the read-only partaking. Usual communiquà © and online statuses, stress upon excellence, well-constructed statuses, deliberations about scores, advice, individual grading of group tasks, shifting of members among groups have been identified as the facts that promote online interaction. Just reading decreases an individual’s ability to gain knowledge and he/she can not play a role in the modification of the learners’ online

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example Within that broad topic there is also the reality of women’s experience as they grow up and are socialized into a context where their appearance is problematized. Women are then doubly disadvantaged because they suffer discrimination in the workplace in terms of pay levels, and then they additionally feel compelled to adhere to an idealized body image in order to be successful in their lives. Conditions like anorexia nervosa and bulimia are connected with these social pressures. The topic which I would like to concentrate on is how these subtle gender pressures arise, and how they are manifested in the experience of younger adults. Schools are an obvious area where more research could be done on the multiple pressures on girls and it would be interesting also to explore cultural differences and how they affect body image. I am interested especially in the large scale unwritten assumptions of consumerist society and pressures that exists below our daily consciousness, especiall y in the way that institutions are set up, and in the hidden messages that exist all around us. Annotations. Biddick, Kathleen. â€Å"Genders, Bodies, Borders: Technologies of the Visible. Speculum Vol. 68, No. 2 (April 1993): 389-418. Kathleen Biddick is a professor of history at Temple University, Philadelphia and her article concentrates on the way that women’s history has been rendered invisible by the process of recording history, and then recreated in modern times in a way that is quite problematic. The example of Medieval women mystics is used to show how issues of gender and culture are closely related, and how dimensions such as multiple ethnicities and a dominant Christian religious world view make it difficult to unpack the reality of women’s experience in the distant past. Illustrations of medieval art are used to demonstrate certain points but the author does not make it easy for the reader to follow her arguments. At times there is more discussion in the footnotes than in the main text, and this adds unnecessary distraction to an already complicated theme. This article raises very interesting theoretical issues, but it is too abstract to be of much use in contemporary empirical studies. Bordo, Susan. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, Tenth anniversary edition, 2003. As the title suggests, this book approaches the issue of female body image from a feminist perspective. It is structured thematically around concepts which mostly relate to the cultural pressures on women to conform to a stereotype which preserves hierarchies of gender. Bordo sees conditions such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia as the â€Å"chrystallization of culture† (p. 139). This means that she interprets them not as disorders, or aberrations but as logical expressions of postmodern American culture, which she describes as being built on the systematic repression of women and girls. Bordo considers a diverse range of cultural forces, including pressure on African American women to be voluptuous, and the tendency to medicalize women’s bodies, especially during pregnancy. This is a wide ranging book that explores what is happening to women, and it is refreshing in its openness to multiple influences. It also usefully examines exactly how this is done through different communications media, and many aspects of society that are so deeply ingrained as to seem natural, despite their harmful effect on women. Evans, John, Emma Rich and Rachel

Niger Delta insurgency and its aftermath Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Niger Delta insurgency and its aftermath - Essay Example 167-168). Indeed, the conflict entails the Boko Haram against Nigeria militancy used to address the Niger Delta situation (Akpan, Ekanem, & Olofu-Adeoye, 2014, p. 151). Notably, the insurgency has led to increased suffering, sexual assaults, harassment, and oppression in the region. The adverse effects of the Niger Delta insurgency call for policy recommendations and adoption of DDR program in the region. The history of Niger Delta conflicts from 1990 to 2004 involves an investigation of the causes and dynamics of the crisis that evolved from ethnic-based protests against in the 90s to the current Niger Delta insurgency that defines a global problem (Nwajiaku-Dahou, Obi, 2012, p. 167-168). Ken Saro-Wiwa initiated the process of condemning and exposing the suffering experienced by Niger Deltans in the 1990s (Sampson 2009, p. 31-32). Notably, Ken used peaceful and non-violent strategies to address the problem through the Movement for the Emancipation of the Ogoni People founded in 1992 (Afinotan & Ojakorotu 2009, p. 192-193). Moreover, through the Ogoni Bills of Rights established in 1990, Niger Deltans demonstrated their quest to regain their human dignity and fundamental human rights (Sampson 2009, p. 32). However, the Nigeria Mobile Police Force was brutal in managing peaceful youth protests that opposed the activities of Shell (Ojakorotu & Gilbert 2010, p. 5). The militancy used by the federal government led to the rise of Islamic radical youth, Boko Haram that sought to create a strict Islamic state in the north that would address the sufferings and ills propagated by the militancy in Niger Delta (Afinotan & Ojakorotu 2009, p. 192-193). Moreover, between 1993 and 1996, the Nigerian government formed the Rivers State Internal Security Task Force to repress, harass, suppress, humiliate, and detain members of MOSOP

Comparing poems Essay Example for Free

Comparing poems Essay Salome turns out to be an evil and very disturbed character; she gets pleasure by beheading people. In this poem it turns out that Salome has removed few other heads previously and she would doubtlessly do it again. She does not even know whos head it is that is next to her, but it seems like that she does not care at all. This makes her sound like a whore. As the maid walks in this makes her feel more comfortable and better for some reason. Hitcher: The man seems really stressed and tired, and when he receives the phone call from his boss that is his final straw. He seems very jealous of the hitcher this is because he is free of stress and is a free spirit. He seems very frustrated. The Man He Killed: This poem is very interesting. It turns out that they dont want to kill each other but because they are at war with each others country. One of them says youd treat if met where any bar is or help to half-a-crown. He is saying if I met you in any other circumstances I would take you to a bar and buy you a pint. My Last Duchess: She is very very jealous, in fact she is so jealous that she wants to poison he and watch he die very slowly. She makes the poison sound like something that is rich and luxurious. Salome: There is some alliteration on line 18-19 where the sound of maids clanging makes Salome happy. Throughout the poem the tone of it makes the poem sound like a young girl who is spoiled and self-indulgent. In this poem there are quite a few clichi s e. g. and aint life a bitch. Hitcher: In this poem the first stanza has some typical rhymes which binds the poem together tired, fired, hired. Can you see the effect of this? He is tired and then his boss threatens to fire him then he hires a Vauxhall Astra. A lot of clichi s are used in this poems here are some examples The truth he said was blowin in the wind, or around the next bend. hed said he liked the breeze to run its fingers/ through his hair. The Man He Killed: There are colloquialisms such as off-hand like which provide an earthy realism along with the rough sounding meter. The Laboratory: This poem uses consolation irony. It also uses some alliteration here is an example Grind away, moisten and mash up thy paste and here is another example Brand, burn up, bite into its grace-. It also has some ambiguity in it here is an example If it hurts her, beside, can it ever hurt me? . Salome: The first verse describes how she is trying to figure out whose head is on the pillow next to here. The second verse describes how she started to feel less hangover when the maid rough in her breakfast. The third verse discusses how she is trying to dissolve the life of the booze and the fags and the sex. Then she decides to turf out the blighter from her bed. Hitcher: This poem has five stanzas and a regular five line shape with the third line being the longest in all of them. If you look at each third line you will see some sort of a pattern occurring. The shape of the stanza is very interesting. The Man He Killed: This poem has a simple but formal structure of five short stanzas all rhyming ABAB. The last tow stanzas remind the men that they could be friends if they met in any other situation. Stanzas two and three: set out the qualifying circumstances that change everything for the mens fate: they are soldiers in opposing armies and therefore enemies. The laboratory: The title in this poem gives us a big hint on where the scene takes place. The speaker is a woman; she takes a lot of pleasure watching the procedure. In the second verse we cab see why the woman wanted revenge, she wanted revenge because the speaker has been betrayed by her lover. In verse three she watches the apothecary at work and is fascinated by what he is doing. She is in no hurry. She takes pleasure in the preparation. This is better than dancing in the kings palace.

Inflation And Oil Prices In Malaysia

Inflation And Oil Prices In Malaysia It is observed that more than a decade ago, crude oil prices were between $20 to $40/barrel with its ups and downs throughout the late 90s. The price went up slightly before dropping again after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the beginning of the 21st century however, the prices started to climb to almost double that to the average value of $40. Volatility is high as by 2002 the value dropped back to about $20 right after the September 11 Attacks before surging up again almost immediately. It can be said that from 2003 onwards, the price of crude oil throughout the world began to steadily ascend higher and higher over the few years till late 2006. This is mainly due to concerns on exhausting oil-wells throughout the world, the post US-Iraq war situation, OPECs stand on providing the world with limited supply with its reason to preserve resources, increasing growth and dependency on consumption of crude oil in the world and more. All of these add into the weight and urgency that spiked conspiracy and panic into the industry, added that market players took advantage of the situation to further propel prices into the sky. By 2007, the bubble for the US Sub-prime loan crisis burst and sent a shock wave that affected cash flow in world economies with a shortage of funds. A temporary sharp drop occurred in the prices of crude oil. Within a period of just a year, speculators, players, investors and suppliers all contributed a part to the worst oil price hike in human history. The price of just an average of $60 per barrel more than doubled to an unbelievable peak of $140 or more per barrel. This has sent the world oil prices scrambling to readjust its value in the market and also affecting every other industry linked to it. As quickly as it came, the prices of crude oil crashed back to about $40 per barrel in less than half a year. The crash was timed, played and expected. However the damage has been done to the world economies affecting overall price increases and devaluation of currencies. The more dependent on crude oil a country is, the bigger the effect it has taken. In short, it is the citizens who suffer from these two back to back sub-prime loan and crude oil price hike crisis. From then since, the price of crude oil has lingered around $40 to $50 average for awhile as economies embrace recovery before the price of crude oil resumed its steep climb again. The climb hovered around $80 per barrel by early 2010. Up until recently, the price of crude oil continues to hang around $75. It is safe to assume that the 21st century modern crude oil prices would continue to be at least this value of $70 and above with the very simple reason of increasing demand with decreasing supply. Comparing the prices back a decade ago and ignoring the price hike scenario, todays crude oil prices in per barrel is twice as much what was valued back in the year 2000. This just goes to show how much has changed in just a short span of ten years in this industry and provides a good indicator of what the future of the petroleum industry holds for us. One thing is for certain, it is that the price for crude oil will continue to climb at an increasing rate in the future unless a substitute for our heavy reliance on petroleum could be discovered in time. Otherwise, there is only that much we can prepare ourselves and embrace the ever increasing cost of living linked so heavily back to our grave dependency on the core energy source of the modern world. Research objective This research aspires to validate the public perceptions that the oil price hike does essentially affect inflation. It will analyse the consumer price index (CPI) in Malaysia that would be affected by the movement in oil price by world crude oil price. Thus, the objectives of this research are as follows: (a) To determine the effect of global oil price shock on Malaysia inflation rate. (b) To validate the theories and perceptions that oil price movements will affect consumer products and services, regardless of whether fuel is directly or indirectly used as main input in the business operations and value chain. 1.3 Significance of the research The outcome from this research will assist Malaysia government to formulate measures in time of economic turmoil due to oil price shocks which include fiscal and monetary policies. This will spur economic development and stabilizing inflation and unemployment rate. On the other hand, this research helps management of companies in Malaysia to be sufficiently prepared for any recurrence of oil price crisis that will impact heavily on the country economic. The companies would need to redirect their business model in preparation for the economic crisis. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Introduction Inflation influences the economic growth of a country including those developing, developed or even underdeveloped country. High inflation tends to give negative perceptions on a country as it indicates increase in consumer products price and unemployment rate. We believe that oil price movement is the major cause of Malaysias inflation. Also, we are keen to discover whether real interest rate, real exchange rate, and money supply would cause more on inflation compared to oil price. 2.2 Oil price and inflation Different researches on the oil price fluctuations had been conducted to discover its effect on certain country economy performance. These findings contributed important decision making of macroeconomic variables which seek to cope with the hiking of petrol price. For instance, Hamilton (1983) found that there is significant correlation between oil price movement and economic expansion. This is supported by Gisser and Goodwin (1986) and also Brown and Yucel (2002), who identified that increase in oil price, will tend to retard economic growth. In addition, Tang et al. (2009) in recent research, found that oil price hike negatively decrease output and investment, while it increases inflation and interest rate in China. 1% increases of oil price is said to decrease the output by 0.38%; 100% increases of oil price will increase 7.34% of Producer Price Index (PPI) in the same month and 11.33% in the following month (Tang et al. 2009). These findings supported our research question and ob jective on whether oil price hike is one of the major causes of inflation in Malaysia. In Malaysia, Saari et al. (2008) focused on the effect of local petroleum price on the cost production in agricultural and agro-based sectors. They found that if price of petroleum increases 90%, the cost of production for fishing, forestry and logging, and oil palm primary products industries would increase by 30%, 12% and 7%. In our research, we refine Saaris research by discussing several independent variables and its effects on overall cost of production. 2.3 Other independent variables and inflation Other independent variables besides oil price may give high impact on Malaysias inflation. Turnovsky and Wohar (1984) found that the causality between money supply and aggregate prices in US is rather neutral from year 1929-1979. In Malaysia itself, empirical studies on inflation and money supply are relatively few. Masih and Masih (1998) discovered a unidirectional causality runs from money supply to inflation rate regardless of the lag structure. Recently, Tang (2004) re-investigated the causal relationship and found that money supply leads aggregate price in Malaysia but there is no evidence showing direct causal effect runs from money supply to inflation over 1970-1998. The Fisher (1930) stated that nominal interest rate should reflect movements in the expected rate of inflation. In his findings, there is no apparent relationship between price change and interest rate in the short run. Correlation coefficient of -0.459 was obtained for British data and -0.289 for United State. Th is is supported by Lardic and Mirgon (2003) which positively validate Fisher effect on G7 countries for the period 1970-2001. Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework 3.1 Introduction We are interested to investigate whether increase in oil price would actually cause inflation and if so, how much of this inflation is actually related back to rising of oil price Theoretically, an oil price increase is assumed to be related to causing inflation, most commonly among day-to-day items and activities such as transportation cost, food price, and other short term dealings. This research study is part of finding out the extent of inflation and hopefully to get a good estimation of how much relationship is there between a 10% rise in oil price contributing to inflation. Long term dealings should remain unaffected by short term price changes as it will require longer period of time for the inflation of price to kick in before its price increases. One such example would be college and school fees. In fact, a good representation of this theory that we could use would be the very recent 2007-2009 oil price hike which spark worldwide oil demand and price going tremendously high yet pummeling to unbelievably low price per barrel. This has somehow contributed to how we came up with this idea for our research project as we are keen to learn about rising oil price and its effect on inflation as a whole. 3.2 Variables Two very important figures in this research project would be oil price and inflation. Oil price as the independent variable is a very volatile value to determine. We would be using global value in determining how much US Dollars/barrel for oil price, occasionally there might be some numbers in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) for local references especially the ballooning price hike for 2008 in Malaysia, but mostly would be converted into US Dollars/barrel to effectively study the effect of oil price versus inflation in a global scale. Y (inflation) = f (oil price, money supply, real interest rate and real exchange rate) Due to the nature of the world economy and everything has a relationship with others, there is more than one independent variable besides oil price, including the total money supply in the market, the real exchange rate and the real interest rate. We will also study how each of these variables interact with inflation as well. Inflation would be the dependent variable in this research project. Inflation is calculated from the consumer price index (CPI) which comprises several categories (as shown in Table 1). Table 3.1: Weights of the CPI by major categories in Malaysia Categories Weights (%) Food and non-alcoholic beverages 31.4 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 1.9 Clothing and footwear 3.1 Housing, water and electricity 21.4 Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance 4.3 Health 1.4 Transportation 15.9 Communication 5.1 Recreation services and culture 4.6 Education 1.9 Restaurants and hotels 3.0 Miscellaneous goods and services 6.0 Total 100.0 (Sources: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). 3.3 Model The initial model that was proposed is the Input-Output Price Model. It is proven in past researches that this model defines the relationship between oil price and inflation well enough. However, due to restricted resources and time as well as permission to accessible private data, there is only three students could come up with. It is being suggested that we use a Regression Model towards our data for calculation purposes to support our findings in this research project. And we will only use past proven records of results from the Input-Output Model to verify theories that could come up in this research project. 3.4 Expected direction It is expected that oil price as well as the other independent variables such as money supply, exchange rate and interest rate will have some effect on inflation. An increase in oil price, money supply as well as interest rate is expected to positively affect inflation. While an increase in exchange rate however is expected to negatively affect the inflation rate. Y (inflation) = f (oil price, money supply, real interest rate and real exchange rate) (+) (+) (+) (+) (-) Chapter 4 Data and Methodology 4.1 The data The data obtained is time-series data from year 2007-2009. Monthly data includes crude oil commodity prices that classified under world oil price. These data is extracted from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Bloomberg. In addition, monthly consumer price index (CPI) is obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia while the data of real exchange rate, real interest rate are taken from Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) Monthly Statistical Bulletin. 4.2 Research methodology Valadkhani and Mitchell (2002) applied the input-output price model to assess the petroleum price shocks on inflation and household expenditures in Australia. Similarly, Saari et al. (2008) examined the impact of petroleum price on costs productions by disaggregating the components in the costs production into three categories: fishing, forestry and logging, and oil palm primary products industries. In the other hand, Hamilton (1983) used seven-variable vector auto regressions (VAR) system to identify the impact of oil price shock on U.S economy in year 1948-1974. Similarly, Marcelo S. (2005) used identified vector autoregressions (IVAR) to analyse the interaction between interaction between exchange rate and cost production. Masih and Masih (1998) employed the Granger causality test, modified Sims causality test and vector error-correction modelling (VECM) approach to examine the causality direction between money supply and aggregate prices in the Southeast Asia economies For Malays ia, they found that all causality tests are consistently implied that money supply (M1 and M2) Granger causes increase aggregate prices. Lastly, Mitchell-Innes H. A. (2006) used the same method (VAR) and vector error correction model (VECM) to prove that inflation and long-term interest rate moved in the same direction. 4.2.1 Hypothesis testing In our research, quantitative research (regression model) is applied as a method of analysis and interpretation of observation data in order to discover the strength of relationships between independent variables (money supply, real interest rate, real exchange rate, and oil price) and dependent variable (inflation). This statistical method starts with the collection of data which will be implied in regression model to verify null-hypothesis testing. Causal relationships are analysed by manipulating the factors to influence the phenomena of interest. Following is the research hypothesis: Ho: Oil price is not one of the major causes of inflation from year 2007-2009 H1: Oil price is one of the major causes of inflation from year 2007-2009 4.2.2 Regression analysis In order to verify the hypothesis testing above, regression analysis is applied in estimating the unknown parameters ÃŽ ²0, ÃŽ ²1, ÃŽ ²2, ÃŽ ²3, and ÃŽ ²4 in the relationship, using the data on oil price, money supply, real interest rate, real exchange rate, and inflation rate. Y1 = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1X1 + ÃŽ ²2X2 + ÃŽ ²3X3 + ÃŽ ²4X4 + ÃŽ µ where Y1 is the inflation rate; X1 is the oil price; X2 is the money supply (M1); X3 is the real interest rate; X4 is the real exchange rate; and ÃŽ µ is the variable representing all other factors that may have direct influence on inflation rate. In addition, coefficient of determination is implied to identify the significance of independent variables (money supply, real interest rate, real exchange rate, and oil price) on dependent variable (inflation). RÂ ²= {(1/N)*ÃŽ £[(xi-x)*(yi-y)]/(ÏÆ'x*ÏÆ'y)}Â ² Results from the regression analysis and coefficient of determination test shall decide whether or not Null Hypothesis (Ho) will be accepted and reject Alternative Hypothesis (H1). Statistics, tables and graphs will be used to present the results of these methods. Chapter 5 Research findings Initial Analysis Initial findings are done based on the graph analysis to identify the relationship between dependent variable (CPI) and independent variables (oil price, money supply, real interest rate and real exchange rate). From the graph, we analysed and identified reasons of those variables fluctuations from year 2007-2009. Figure 5.1: Relationship between CPI and Oil Price From Figure 5.1, it can be observed that inflation has a steady rate of increase over the past three years while oil prices met with a steep increase and peaked at June 2008 before crashing low at December 2008. After that, the value of oil prices increases steadily again. Much of the fluctuation in the value of oil prices was caused mainly by human speculation and manipulation of the oil market where issues such as limited oil supply, on-going war, terrorism and the sub-prime financial crisis caused the price hike. Despite the high and low prices of oil per barrel around the world, inflation rate was not highly impacted. Figure 5.2: Relationship between CPI and Money Supply From Figure 5.2, it can be observed as usual inflation rate steadily increasing over the years without much interference. However, money supply has been increasing as the gap between inflation and money supply is closing in together over the years. This could be mainly caused by the recent financial crisis which caused governments around the world to panic and quickly come up with programs to reduce the impact of the financial crisis which saw many going bankrupt. Programs are usually drawing up of hefty sums of cash to be spent by the government or distributed through ways as a mean to have people spend money to keep the economy of the country moving. Billions of dollars worth in bills and bonds are created and countries such as Australia and Singapore even had its government give out Christmas Bonus in cash to encourage their citizens to spend. There is also the usual routine of printing new money each year into the economy. All of these and more could have added up to the increasing rate of money supply into the economy. Figure 5.3: Relationship between CPI and Interest Rate From Figure 5.3, real inflation rate sees a steady increase as already mentioned however interest rates have a rather surprising pattern. This shock pattern can be observed at September 2007 when interest rates suddenly spiked to almost double its usual rate from 3.60% to 6.61% in the difference of a month. There was not much effect on inflation rate but this could be due to time lag for it to have effect. Ironically, it was this same period that the sub-prime financial crisis really started to accumulate in a wider problematic scale. Much could be questioned on why did the interest rates spiked all of a sudden. Yet in the aftermath of the crisis, we are seeing a steady decline on interest rates around the world. This is mainly because interest rates are being lowered now to help accelerate recovering economies by providing cheaper access to funding. Typical, this low interest rate attraction was what started the bubble for this crisis in the first place back in the year 2001 right after the September 11 Attacks. Figure 5.4: Relationship between CPI and Exchange Rate Inflation rate is once again here, only seeing a slight peak when oil prices jumped over everyones expectations. There is not much to be said for inflation rate with exchange rate as they both seem to be almost a nice straight line on the graph. A closer look into Figure 5.4 however tells us that inflation rate has been increasing steadily over the years while on the other hand exchange rates have seen an increase and decrease over the years instead. Exchange rate has not seen much big movements. Reasons could be that exchange rates around the world are extra sensitive and its value will react accordingly with all other exchange rates to find its correct value thanks to rapid arbitragers. Another reason could be due to economies around the world encouraging lower exchange rates to increase trading among countries. This would help the weakened economies recover better. 5.2 Empirical result and analysis Table 5.1: Mean and standard deviation Mean Std. Deviation N CPI 109.733 3.4206 36 Oil Price 69.75 25.368 36 Money Supply 888203.088 71807.6196 36 Real Interest Rate 3.4600 .66410 36 Real Exchange Rate 3.428771 .1332732 36 From Table 5.1, the number of observation (N) represents sample size collected from year 2007-2009 (12 months x 3 years). Smaller sample size tends to increase variability of the distribution. N equals 36 which is larger than 30, hence the difference is negligible. We assumed that the distribution is normal and represent the population. Table 5.2: Skewness and kurtosis N Sum Mean Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error CPI 36 3950.4 109.733 .5701 -.116 .393 -1.570 .768 Valid N (listwise) 36 From table 5.2, the skewness and kurtosis are -0.116 and -1.570. Negative skewness indicates that the distribution skews to the left. Meanwhile, negative kurtosis indicates that the distribution has shorter tail. Hence, we concluded that the data is not normal distributed and asymmetrical. Table 5.3: Variables coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interval for B B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound 1 (Constant) 13.325 9.178 1.452 .000 -5.392 32.043 Oil Price .089 .013 .664 6.812 .000 .063 .116 Money Supply 3.911E-5 .000 .821 11.267 .000 .000 .000 Real Interest Rate .445 .369 .086 1.205 .000 .308 1.197 Real Exchange Rate -.716 .509 .612 6.263 .000 -.898 .834 a. Dependent Variable: CPI From Table 5.2, we can observe that: Oil price: Oil price has positive coefficient, indicating that this variable has positive relation with CPI. When oil price increases by USD1, the CPI will increase by 0.089% in one month on average, while other variables being constant. The p-value for oil price is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test. Money supply: Money supply has positive sign of coefficient, indicates that this variable has positive relation with CPI. If the rate of money supply increases by MYR1, the CPI will increase by 3.911E-5% in one month on average, while other variables being constant. The p-value for money supply is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test. Real interest rate: Real interest rate has positive coefficient, showing positive relation with CPI. When interest rate increases by 1%, the CPI will tend to increase by 0.445% in one month on average, while other variables being constant. The p-value for exchange rate is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test. Real exchange rate: Real exchange rate has negative coefficient, indicating that this variable has negative relation with CPI. When exchange rate increases by 1%, CPI will decrease by 0.716% in one month on average; while other variables being constant. The p-value for exchange rate is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test. All independent variables have significant value (sig.) smaller than 0.05. This indicates that all variables represent large level of statistical significance in the model. Therefore, equation for the model would be: CPI = 13.325 + 0.089 Oil Price + 3.911E-5 Money Supply + 0.445 Real Interest Rate 0.716 Real Exchange Rate Table 5.4: Adjusted R square Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .951a .904 .891 1.1281 a. Predictors: (Constant) Oil Price, Money Supply, Interest Rate, Exchange Rate From Table 5.3, adjusted R square is 0.891, indicating that all variables (oil price, money supply, interest rate, exchange rate) explain 89.1% of the variation in CPI. There is a strong positive correlation between the independent variables and dependent variable. Hence, it is considered that the variables fit closely into the model and are more likely to predict CPIs movement. Coefficient of Variation (CoV) is calculated to evaluate models goodness of fit. From Table5.3, the standard error of the estimate is 1.1281. From Table 5.1, the mean CPI is 109.733. The calculation of CoV is as follow: Coefficient of Variation = (SE)/ (Mean Price) x 100% = 1.1281/ 109.733 x 100% = 1.028% The coefficient of variation of 1.028% indicates that the average forecast error is 1.028% of average CPI. The model is considered as good model as its CoV is lesser than 5%. Table 5.5: ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 370.069 4 92.517 72.699 .000a Residual 39.451 31 1.273 Total 409.520 35 a. Predictors: (Constant), Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, Money Supply, Oil Price b. Dependent Variable: CPI Hypothesis: Ho: Oil price is not the major cause of Malaysia inflation from year 2007-2009 H1 : Oil price is one of the major causes of Malaysia inflation form year 2007-2009 From Table 5.4, the significance value is 0.00 which is smaller than the level of the significance (0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) will be rejected. Oil price is considered as the major cause of Malaysia inflation from year 2007-2009. Table 5.6: Correlation between CPI, oil price, money supply, interest rate, and exchange rate. CPI Oil Price Money Supply Interest Rate Exchange Rate Pearson Correlation CPI 1.000 .145 .857 .400 -.226 Oil Price .145 1.000 -.052 .188 -.803 Money Supply .857 -.052 1.000 -.601 .200 Interest Rate .400 .188 -.601 1.000 -.193 Exchange Rate -.226 -.803 .200 -.193 1.000 Sig. (1-tailed) CPI . .199 .000 .008 .092 Oil Price .199 . .381 .136 .000 Money Supply .000 .381 . .000 .122 Interest Rate .008 .136 .000 . .130 Exchange Rate .092 .000 .122 .130 . N CPI 36 36 36 36 36 Oil Price 36 36 36 36 36 Money Supply 36 36 36 36 36 Interest Rate 36 36 36 36 36 Exchange Rate 36 36 36 36 36 From table 5.5, it can be observed that: Correlation between CPI and oil price is 0.145, indicating positive relationship between both variables. Correlation between CPI and money supply is 0.857, indicating positive relationship between both variables. Correlation between CPI and interest rate is 0.400, indicating positive relationship between both variables. Correlation between CPI and exchange rate is -0.226, indicating negative relationship between both variables. The largest Pearson Correlation coefficient is to be found between CPI and money supply, which is 0.857. The Squared Correlation figure of 0.735 (0.857Â ²) is smaller compared to the adjusted RÂ ² of equation model, which is 0.891. Thus, the correlation between CPI and money supply does not show any signs of collinearity problem with the model. Since the biggest available coefficient between pairs of independent variables is not a problem, hence the equation model does not have multi-collinearity problem. 5.3 Discussion From the result, it is proven that oil price does influence the inflation fluctuations. Oil price has positive relationship with CPI at 5% level. USD1 increase in oil price tends to increase 0.089% of CPI. Oil price influences most of the cost of goods and services in the market including cost of production and transportation. As a developing industrial country, Malaysia relies heavily on the import of crude oil as source of energy. Significant increase of oil price tends to cause hyperinflation and therefore effect the development of the country. The results show that other variables such as interest rate, money supply and exchange rate do influence the inflation rate as well. From the analysis, money supply has strong positive relationship with Malaysia CPI between years 2007-2009. Hawtrey (1923) stated that the public holds undue proportion of cash balances with respect to their income when money supply increases. Hence, they tend to increase the level of spending. This is proven by the Quantity Theory of Money. When amount of money in economy increases faster than the growth in the level of future output, this will increase the market price level and therefor

The Disappearance of Native Americans in California Essay -- Demograph

â€Å"To discover, understand, and encounter the cultures and intricate natures of the California Indian people, it is necessary to search the past† –Nancy Wahl. Tracing back in California history, Spanish explorers, commanded by Juan Rodrà ­guez Cabrillo, found the tip of what is now Baja California in the year 1533 and named it "California" after a mythical island in a popular Spanish novel. It is evident that from the time Spanish monarchs set foot in California, the world as Native Americans knew it was never the same again. The late 1700s initiated and marked the colonization of Spaniards in the â€Å"Golden State† which in turn provoked the massive persecution and extermination of Native American population as well as the disappearance of Native heritage and culture. As a result, the recurring despairs and adversities of the Indian population began. Professor Edward D. Castillo expresses in his article â€Å"California Indian History† that California Indians have been the most unfortunate and the least understood of all the Native American tribes in the nation. â€Å"They were once probably the most contented and happy race on the continent, in proportion to their capacities for enjoyment, and they have been more miserably corrupted and destroyed than any other tribes within the union† (Castillo, www.nahc.ca.gov/califindian). They had the largest population, and resided in the most pleasant and naturally productive lands but as we have learned, they were swept away with a most vile and cruel extermination. Epidemic diseases brought to the state by Spanish colonists and missionaries in the late 1700s to the early 1800s, turned out to be the most powerful and discreet method to surmount Native American population. The impact of the missionarie... ...populated state in the nation and is recognized as one of the wealthiest states, Native Americans are still marginalized in a third world existence, becoming the most underprivileged and miserable minority living in California. Works Cited Castillo, Edward D. â€Å"Short Overview of California Indian History.† California Native Americans Heritage Commission. April 12, 2012. Paddison, Joshua. â€Å"Native Americans.† Calisphere University of California. April 12, 2012. Viola, Herman. California Studies: History-Social Science, Grade 4. â€Å"Californio Lands.† Houghton Mifflin,  ©2007. 214-217. Wahl, Nancy "Hodges". â€Å"Native Americans Travel through Time†¦on Hwy 49.† Historic Hwy 49. April 14, 2012. The Disappearance of Native Americans in California Essay -- Demograph â€Å"To discover, understand, and encounter the cultures and intricate natures of the California Indian people, it is necessary to search the past† –Nancy Wahl. Tracing back in California history, Spanish explorers, commanded by Juan Rodrà ­guez Cabrillo, found the tip of what is now Baja California in the year 1533 and named it "California" after a mythical island in a popular Spanish novel. It is evident that from the time Spanish monarchs set foot in California, the world as Native Americans knew it was never the same again. The late 1700s initiated and marked the colonization of Spaniards in the â€Å"Golden State† which in turn provoked the massive persecution and extermination of Native American population as well as the disappearance of Native heritage and culture. As a result, the recurring despairs and adversities of the Indian population began. Professor Edward D. Castillo expresses in his article â€Å"California Indian History† that California Indians have been the most unfortunate and the least understood of all the Native American tribes in the nation. â€Å"They were once probably the most contented and happy race on the continent, in proportion to their capacities for enjoyment, and they have been more miserably corrupted and destroyed than any other tribes within the union† (Castillo, www.nahc.ca.gov/califindian). They had the largest population, and resided in the most pleasant and naturally productive lands but as we have learned, they were swept away with a most vile and cruel extermination. Epidemic diseases brought to the state by Spanish colonists and missionaries in the late 1700s to the early 1800s, turned out to be the most powerful and discreet method to surmount Native American population. The impact of the missionarie... ...populated state in the nation and is recognized as one of the wealthiest states, Native Americans are still marginalized in a third world existence, becoming the most underprivileged and miserable minority living in California. Works Cited Castillo, Edward D. â€Å"Short Overview of California Indian History.† California Native Americans Heritage Commission. April 12, 2012. Paddison, Joshua. â€Å"Native Americans.† Calisphere University of California. April 12, 2012. Viola, Herman. California Studies: History-Social Science, Grade 4. â€Å"Californio Lands.† Houghton Mifflin,  ©2007. 214-217. Wahl, Nancy "Hodges". â€Å"Native Americans Travel through Time†¦on Hwy 49.† Historic Hwy 49. April 14, 2012.